Misinformation, Disinformation and Hate Speech Ecosystem: Key Actors and their Actions

28th November 2025

There are a profusion of actors working on misinformation, disinformation and hate speech (MDH), but limited cross-sectoral collaboration, leading to fragmented MDH response.

Humanitarian organisations often require MDH strategies when operating in fragile or conflict affected states (FCAS), particularly where MDH reaches a determined threshold, leading to operational or organisational risks. This K4DD Rapid Evidence Review is the third in a series exploring the role of MDH in FCAS, including how MDH contributes to instability, the types of interventions that work, and why.

Explore all K4DD outputs here.

Suggested Citation

Cheeseman, K. (2025). Misinformation, Disinformation and Hate Speech Ecosystem: Key Actors and their Actions. K4DD Rapid Evidence Review 321. Brighton, UK: Institute of Development Studies. DOI: 10.19088/K4DD.2026.050

Published

28th November 2025

Location

Continent: Global