This Rapid Evidence Report maps the landscape of science diplomacy initiatives across nine countries: China, the United States, the European Union (homing in on France and Germany), Japan, Russia, Canada, Switzerland, and India.
These cases were selected based on their scale of investment in research and development (R&D) and the availability of policy and academic literature documenting their approaches. While the literature on science diplomacy remains relatively recent, it has developed into a wide-ranging field.
Much of it is conceptual, offering definitions, evaluative frameworks, and recommendations for best practice. Where gaps in peer-reviewed sources exist, this report draws on government documents, strategy papers, and official websites to provide an up-to-date account.
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